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Exponential and Logarithmic
Functions and Equations
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Inverse functions |
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Logarithmic functions |
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Translated logarithmic
and exponential functions |
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Rules and properties of logarithms
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Natural logarithm, common logarithm
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Changing
the base – different logarithmic identities
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Exponential and
logarithmic functions
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| Exponential
and logarithmic functions are mutually inverse functions |
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| Inverse functions |
| The inverse function, usually written
f -1, is the function whose
domain and the range are respectively the range and domain of a given function
f, that is |
| f
-1(x)
= y if and only if
f
(y)
= x . |
| Thus, the
composition of the inverse function and the given function returns
x, which is called the
identity function, i.e., |
| f
-1(f
(x))
= x and
f
(f
-1(x))
= x. |
| The inverse of a function undoes the procedure
(or function) of the given function. |
| A pair of inverse functions is in
inverse relation. |
| Example: If
given
f
(x)
= log2 x
then f -1(x)
= 2x
since, |
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| Therefore,
to obtain the inverse of a function y = f
(x), exchange the variables
x
and y,
i.e., write x = f
(y)
and solve for y.
Or form the composition f
(f
-1(x))
= x and solve
for f -1. |
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| Example: Given
y = f
(x)
= log2 x determine
f -1(x). |
| Solution:
a) Rewrite
y = f
(x)
= log2 x
to x =
log2 y
and solve for y,
which gives y =
f
-1(x)
= 2x. |
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b) Form f
(f
-1(x))
= x that
is, log2
(f -1(x))
= x and
solve for f -1, which
gives f -1(x)
= 2x. |
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| The
graphs of a pair of inverse functions are symmetrical with
respect to the line
y
= x. |
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| Logarithmic functions |
| - Logarithmic
function |
y
= ln x
= loge x
<=>
x = e y,
where x
> 0.
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| The
natural logarithm
function is inverse
of the exponential
function, so that
ln(ex) =
x. |
| - Logarithmic
function |
y =
loga
x
<=>
x = a y,
where a
> 0,
a
is not 1
and x
> 0. |
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| The
logarithmic
function with base a
is inverse of the exponential
function, so that
loga(ax) =
x. |
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| The
graph of the logarithmic
function y
= logax,
a
> 0
and for a
= e,
y
= logex = ln x |
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| The
logarithmic
function is
inverse of the exponential
function since its
domain and the range are respectively the range and domain of
the
exponential function,
so that |
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| The
domain of f
(x)
= loga
x
is the set of all positive
real numbers. |
| The
range of f
(x)
= loga
x
is the set of all
real numbers. |
| If
a > 1 then
f
is an increasing function and if
0
< a < 1 then
f
is a decreasing function. |
| The
graph of the
logarithmic function passes through the point (1,
0). The y-axis
is the vertical asymptote to the graph, as shows the above
picture. |
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| Translated logarithmic
and exponential functions |
| Example: Given
translated logarithmic function y -
2 = log3 (x + 1), find
its inverse and draw their
graphs. |
| Solution:
Exchange the variables
and solve for y,
that is x -
2 = log3 (y + 1)
which gives y
+ 1 = 3x
-
2. |
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| Note
that y -
y0
= loga (x -
x0)
represents translated
logarithmic function to base a |
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and y -
y0 =
a (x
-
x0)
represents translated
exponential function with base a |
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where, x0
and y0
are the coordinates of translations of the graph in the
direction of the coordinate axes. |
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| Rules and properties of logarithms
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| A
logarithm is the exponent (the power) to which a base must be
raised to yield a given number, that is |
| y =
loga
x
if x = a
y. |
| Examples: |
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| Notation:
Common logarithms of x,
log10 x
(to the base 10) are often written log
x, without the base
explicitly indicated while, Natural
logarithms, loge
x (to the base e,
where e = 2,718218... ), are written ln
x. |
| Therefore, |
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loga
ax =
x |
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loga
a = 1
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loga 1 = 0
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| Logarithms
are used to simplify multiplication, division and exponentiation
so that, |
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loga
(m · n) =
loga
m +
loga
n |
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loga
mn =
n ·
loga
m
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| Example:
Using the rules of logarithms find the value of x. |
| Solution: |
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| Changing the base – different
logarithmic identities
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| Using
the identity |
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| In
a similar way |
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| therefore, |
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| Similarly, |
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| and |
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