Integral calculus
     Applications of the definite integral
      The volume of a solid of revolution
         The volume of a sphere
         The volume of a spherical segment
         The volume of a cone
The volume of a solid of revolution
A solid figure generated by revolving a given curve around an axis of revolution is called the solid of revolution.
The volume generated by the region of the coordinate plane bounded by the segment of a curve y = f (x) between x = a, y = b and the x-axis, revolving around the x-axis, is shown in the left figure below.
Note that the infinitesimal volume of the cylinder representing an element of the integration,
dV = area ´ width = py2 ´ dx.
   
The volume generated by the segment of a curve x = g (y) between y = c and y = d, revolving around the y-axis, is shown in the right figure above.
The volume of a sphere
Example:  Find volume of a sphere generated by a semicircle revolving around the x-axis.
Solution:  Since the endpoints of the diameter, lying
on the x-axis, are  - r and r, then
 
The volume of a spherical segment
Example:   Find the volume of a spherical segment generated by the portion of the right semicircle between  y = a and  y = a + h, revolving around the y-axis, as is shown in the below figure.
Solution:  Since the right semicircle equation then
or, by substituting  r12 = r2 - a2 and  r22 = r2 - (a + h)2
The volume of a cone
Example:  Find the volume of a right circular cone generated by the line (segment) passing through the origin and the point (h, r), where h denotes the height of the cone and r is the radius of its base, revolving around the x-axis, as shows the below figure.
Solution:  The equation of the generating line
then,
 
Example:  Find the volume of a solid of revolution generated by a plane bounded by the segment of a curve   y = -x2 + 3x and the x-axis, revolving around the x-axis, as shows the below figure.
Solution:  The limits of the integration  -x2 + 3x = 0,
  x(-x + 3) = 0,    x1 = 0  and  x2 = 3  then,
 
Example:  Find the volume of a solid of revolution generated by one cycle of the cycloid   x = r (t - sin t),   y = r (1 - cos t) and the x-axis, revolving around the x-axis, as shows the below figure.
Solution:  Since  y2 = r2(1 - cos t)2,   dx = r (1 - cos t)dt  the limits of the integration 0 < t < 2p, then
Example:  Find the volume of a solid of revolution generated by the arc of the sinusoid  y = sin x between x = 0 and x = p/2, revolving around the y-axis, as shows the below figure. 
Solution:  Since curve rotates around the y-axis, we should apply the inverse of the sine, i.e., we use  x = g (y) form or          x = arcsin y = sin-1y. Thus, the limits of the integration, for   x1 = 0,    y1 = 0   and for    x2 = p/2,    y2 = 1  then, applying the integration by parts twice
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